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The Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries or Jewish exodus from Arab countries ((ヘブライ語:יציאת יהודים ממדינות ערב), ''Yetziat yehudim mi-medinot Arav''; (アラビア語:هجرة اليهود من الدول العربية والإسلامية) ') was the departure, flight, evacuation and migration, of 850,000 Jews,〔(VI- November 30: Commemorating the expulsion of Jews from Arab lands )〕 primarily of Sephardi and Mizrahi background, from Arab and Muslim countries, mainly from 1948 to the early 1970s. A number of small-scale Jewish exoduses began in many Middle Eastern countries early in the 20th century with the only substantial aliyah coming from Yemen and Syria.〔Reeva S. Simon, Michael M. Laskier, Sara Reguer, (The Jews of the Middle East and North Africa in Modern Times ), 2003, p. 327="Before the 1940s only two communities, Yemen and Syria, made substantial aliyah."〕 Prior to the creation of Israel in 1948, approximately 800,000 Jews were living in lands that now make up the Arab world. Of these, just under two-thirds lived in the French and Italian-controlled North Africa, 15–20% in the Kingdom of Iraq, approximately 10% in the Kingdom of Egypt and approximately 7% in the Kingdom of Yemen. A further 200,000 lived in Pahlavi Iran and the Republic of Turkey. The first large-scale exoduses took place in the late 1940s and early 1950s, primarily from Iraq, Yemen and Libya. In these cases over 90% of the Jewish population left, despite the necessity of leaving their property behind. Two hundred and sixty thousand Jews from Arab countries immigrated to Israel between 1948 and 1951, accounting for 56% of the total immigration to the newly founded state.〔 Following the establishment of the State of Israel, a plan to accommodate 600,000 immigrants over four years, doubling the existing Jewish population, was submitted by the Israeli government to the Knesset. The plan, however, encountered mixed reactions; there were those within the Jewish Agency and government who opposed promoting a large-scale emigration movement among Jews whose lives were not in danger.〔 Later waves peaked at different times in different regions over the subsequent decades. The peak of the exodus from Egypt occurred in 1956 following the Suez Crisis. The exodus from the other North African Arab countries peaked in the 1960s. Lebanon was the only Arab country to see a temporary increase in its Jewish population during this period, due to an influx of Jews from other Arab countries, although by the mid-1970s the Jewish community of Lebanon had also dwindled. Six hundred thousand Jews from Arab and Muslim countries had reached Israel by 1972.〔Malka Hillel Shulewitz, ''The Forgotten Millions: The Modern Jewish Exodus from Arab Lands'', Continuum 2001, pp. 139 and 155.〕〔Ada Aharoni ("The Forced Migration of Jews from Arab Countries ), Historical Society of Jews from Egypt website. Accessed 1 February 2009.〕〔 In total, of the 900,000 Jews who left Arab and other Muslim countries, 600,000 settled in the new state of Israel, and 300,000 immigrated to France and the United States. The descendants of the Jewish immigrants from the region, today known as Mizrahi Jews ("Eastern Jews"), currently constitute more than half of the total population of Israel,〔(The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict, p693 )〕 partially as a result of their higher fertility rate.〔Ducker, Clare Louise, 2006. ''(Jews, Arabs, and Arab Jews: The Politics of Identity and Reproduction in Israel )'', Institute of Social Studies, The Hague, Netherlands〕 In 2009, only 26,000 Jews remained in Arab countries and Iran〔(The Rebirth of the Middle East ), Jerry M. Rosenberg, Hamilton Books, 2009, page 44〕 and 26,000 in Turkey.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Turkish - Jewish Friendship Over 500 Years )〕 The reasons for the exodus included push factors, such as persecution, antisemitism, political instability, poverty〔 and expulsion, together with pull factors, such as the desire to fulfill Zionist yearnings or find a better economic status and a secure home in Europe or the Americas. The history of the exodus has been politicized, given its proposed relevance to the historical narrative of the Arab-Israeli conflict. When presenting the history, those who view the Jewish exodus as analogous to the 1948 Palestinian exodus generally emphasize the push factors and consider those who left as refugees, while those who do not, emphasize the pull factors and consider them willing immigrants. ==Background== (詳細はMuslim conquests of the 7th century, ancient Jewish communities had existed in many parts of the Middle East and North Africa since Antiquity. Jews under Islamic rule were given the status of dhimmi, along with certain other pre-Islamic religious groups.〔Bat Ye'or (1985), p. 45〕 As such, these groups were accorded certain rights as "People of the Book". During waves of persecution in Medieval Europe, many Jews found refuge in Muslim lands.〔Lewis 1984 p. 62〕 For instance, Jews expelled from the Iberian Peninsula were invited to settle in various parts of the Ottoman Empire, where they would often form a prosperous model minority of merchants acting as intermediaries for their Muslim rulers. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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